\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
\usepackage{nolta2012}
%\usepackage{times}
\usepackage{txfonts}
%\usepackage{amsmath} % assumes amsmath package installed
%\usepackage{amssymb}  % assumes amsmath package installed

\begin{document}

\title{Instructions for Paper Preparation and Submission for NOLTA2012}

\author{First Author${}^\dag$ and Second Author${}^\ddag$}

\address{
\dag Department of Electrical Engineering, Tokyo University of Science\\
2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-8510 Japan\\
\ddag Faculty of Engineering, Oita University\\
700 Dannoharu, Oita, 870-1192 Japan\\
Email: author1@domain1, author2@domain2
}

\maketitle

\abstract
We present the design and implementation of an electronic device that, based on analog discrete components, implements the mathematical model of a cold receptor neuron called Huber-Braun. This model describes the electrical behavior of a certain kind of receptors when interacting with its environment, and it consists of a set of differential equations that has only been solved by numeric simulations. By these means, a chaotic behavior has been found. An analog computer can be relevant for further analysis and validation of the model. The results obtained by means of numeric simulations and through our analog circuit simulator are consistent. The electronic device built allows the observation of all relevant variables and most of the expected behavior (tonic firing, chaotic, burst discharge, subthreshold oscillation and steady state). In addition, bifurcation diagrams were successfully rebuilt for temperature and external current.
\endabstract

\section{Introduction}
Neuronal modeling with electronics circuits can help to understand biological systems. Physical circuit implementation has several advantages. In the first place, circuits that perform specific operations typically operate much faster than general purpose ones.  In the second place, it is possible to interface a hardware implementation with biological tissue or operate it with experimentally collected data in real time. In the third place, it enables integration with robotics system \cite{Basham2009}.

There are several types of models, despite the fact that IF (integrate-and-fire) and QIF (quadratic-integrate-and-fire) have low implementation cost, they have poor biological plausibility. Izhikevich neuron model, recently implemented in sub-threshold VLSI \cite{Rangan2010}, has an excellent trade-of between implementation cost and biological plausibility, but this model is not biophysically meaningful \cite{Izq2004}.\

The Huber-Braun model \cite{Nova Acta Leopoldina} is a Hodgkin-Huxley conductance-based model \cite{HH}. These kind of models are important not only because their parameters are biophysically meaningful and measurable, but also because they allow us to investigate questions related to synaptic integration, dendritic cable filtering, effects of dendritic morphology and other issues related to single cell dynamics \cite{Izq2004}.\

In addition, from the mathematical point of view, the model equations are an interesting and complex problem, that has not been formally resolved. It has not been shown which is the qualitative behavior (part of the complexity is in the high dimension of the system). The behavioral characteristics are just known through numerical simulations and experimental comparison. The variation of the Huber-Braun Model parameters shows different types of behaviors and bifurcations. In particular, there is some evidence that the behavior for some areas of the parameters is chaotic. Since numerical simulations were not able to show this chaotic behavior, it is assumed that an analog implementation could help \cite{bi-directionally coupled model}\cite{Journal of physiology}\cite{Biosystem}\cite{Mathematical biosciences}.\

This paper presents the development of an electronic device, based on analog discrete components, that simulates the Huber-Braun cold receptor neuron model. It is expected that this analog simulator can be helpful in the biological/neuroscience field, as well as in the mathematical one.\






























\section{Preparation of Papers}
\subsection{Paper Format}
Please prepare your paper in {\bf A4} format (210mm by 297mm).
Leave the top margin to 20mm with the exception of the first page
which begin 35mm from the top edge. Set the bottom margin to 30mm and
the left and right margin to 20mm. Text, figures, tables and
references must be contained in a 170mm by 237mm area.
All text must be in a two-column format with 5mm column separation.
The paper should not exceed {\bf four pages} in length.
Please do not put page numbers on your paper.


\subsection{Typesetting}

Text should be written with a font size of 10pt unless specified
otherwise. Times New Roman font is recommended for consistency
and readability both on screen and in print. {\bf Please do not use
Asian fonts} as this will make your manuscript unreadable for reviewers.

\subsection{Title, Authors and Affiliations}

The title of the paper appears on the first page, centered over
both columns and is set in 14pt bold letters. The author names
appear below the title in 12pt. The affiliations should be given
below the author names in 10pt and contain full mailing address
and email address.

\subsection{Abstract}

The paper should start with an abstract giving a short overview on
the discussed matter and the presented results.

\subsection{Section Headings}

\subsubsection{Typesetting}
Section and subsection headings should appear in 10pt bold face, while
subsubsection headings in 10pt italic face.
The first letter of each major word must be capitalized.

\subsubsection{Alignment}
All the headings should be
aligned left.

\subsubsection{Numbering}

Section, subsection and subsubsection headings should be numbered with
Arabic numerals.

%\subsection{Figures and Tables}

\subsection{Equations}

Equations are centered and numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals
in parentheses as follows:
\begin{equation}
 f(x)=\frac{a x + b}{x^2+ \alpha x + \beta}
\end{equation}

\subsection{References}

A list of references should appear at the end of the paper. Number
all references consecutively with Arabic numerals in square brackets.
When referring to them in the text, type the corresponding reference
number in square brackets as~\cite{REF}.

\subsection{\LaTeX Style File and MS Word Template}

For the convenience of \LaTeX users, we provide a \LaTeX style file
({\tt nolta2012.sty}) which automatically formats the manuscript
in accordance with the symposium requirements. A \LaTeX sample
file ({\tt nolta2012.tex}) will show you how to use the style
file. We also provide Pages template of
a Microsoft Word template ({\tt nolta2012.doc})
and a sample paper in PDF format ({\tt nolta2012.pdf}). All of these
files are available at NOLTA2012 web site:
\begin{center}
{\tt http://nolta2012.org/}
\end{center}

\section{Creating PDF files}

\subsection{Software}

As mentioned above, only electronic submission of papers in PDF
format is accepted. There are several methods for creating PDF files:
Adobe Distiller, PDFWriter, ps2pdf, dvipdfm, pdflatex, and so on.
Generally Adobe Distiller provides higher quality output than others,
and is therefore preferred.

\subsection{Embedding Fonts}

{\bf All fonts must be embedded} into the PDF file of your paper
including the following standard 14 fonts:
\begin{itemize}
\item Courier
\item Courier, Italic
\item Courier, Bold
\item Courier, Bold Italic
\item Arial MT
\item Arial MT, Italic
\item Arial MT, Bold
\item Arial MT, Bold Italic
\item Times New Roman PS MT
\item Times New Roman PS MT, Italic
\item Times New Roman PS MT, Bold
\item Times New Roman PS MT, Bold Italic
\item Symbol
\item ZapfDingbats
\end{itemize}
that come with Acrobat Reader, so that the file can be viewed
correctly on any computer. The method of embedding fonts is
different on various systems and PDF creation mechanisms; for example,
in Adobe Disitller, choose Job Options and check Embed All Fonts.
For authors using other software, please refer to your own help sources.

Before submission, {\bf please make sure that all fonts are embedded into
the PDF file you have created.} To view the font information for a PDF,
open the file in an Acrobat Reader, go to the File menu, select Document
Info, and then Fonts. The Font Info dialog box displays font
information. If Used Font column is set to Embedded or Embedded Subset,
it means that the font is correctly embedded.

\subsection{File Protection}

{\bf Please do neither password protect nor encrypt your PDF file} so
that we can insert headings and page numbers.

\section{Submission of Papers}

\subsection{How to Submit}

To submit your electronic manuscript, please visit
the Submission page and follow the given instructions.
{\bf Please note that application of paper submission will be open
on the end of February, 2012.}

\subsection{File Size}

{\bf File size is strictly limited to 3\,MB.} Any file with the size
bigger than 3 MB will be automatically rejected by the NOLTA2012 online
submission system.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
The authors would like to thank NOLTA2012 organizing committee members
for their fruitful suggestions and comments.

\begin{thebibliography}{9}
\bibitem{REF} E.~N.~ Lorenz, ``Deterministic non-periodic flow,''
{\em J. Atoms. Sci.}, vol.20, pp.130--141, 1963.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
